Hallstatt is part of an area known as the Salzkammergut, not too far east of Salzburg. It's located around the edge of a lake (Hallstätter Sea). The train stops on the opposite side of the lake, but there's a little ferry which is timed to coincide with the train's comings and goings. Don't dawdle though, as it only waits a few minutes before leaving. Make sure you have your camera out as the ferry approaches the village, because you're definitely going to want to takes pictures of one of the prettiest villages you'll ever see, and the view from the water is the best. Hallstatt gave it’s name to an entire period of history, the Hallstatt Period from 800 to 400BC.
There were people here mining for salt way back then, and their history is to be found all over the place. The little Beinhaus is the only real tourist attraction within the village. It's a little hut behind the church that's full of painted skulls and bones taken from the tiny church graveyard. It's weird and definitely worth a look. Make sure to take some time to just wander around the streets, they're very pretty and there's a waterfall too. There's a rather expensive local museum, but we didn't visit it. The excavations under the Dachsteinsport Janu store are free and pretty cool. You can take a swim in the beautiful lake if you dare, but the lake is fed by melted snow and is accordingly frosty. The Salzbergwerk is on the hill above the village, and can be access by foot or by cable car.