Come with me from Lebanon, my spouse, with me from Lebanon: look from the top of Amana, from the top of Shenir and Hermon, from the lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards. -- Song of Solomon 4:8, King James Version From this verse in the lovely lyrical and sensual Song of Songs, the German Inspirationist immigrants named their new settlement in Iowa. The year was 1855. Founding Inspirationist werkzeug Christian Metz was commanded in a vision to name the village bleib treu (stay true, remain faithful). Amana, a mountain in the Anti-Lebanon range between Syria and Lebanon, and also a river or stream near Damascus, is defined in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia as meaning "firm" or "constant." So began the first village of the seven Amana Colonies of Iowa in the broad, fertile valley overlooking the Iowa River.
The Community of True Inspiration began much earlier, however, with two individuals at the dawn of the 1700s in Germany. Eberhard Gruber and Johann Rock, both Lutherans, began to diverge from the tenets of the state Lutheran church, advocating humility and piety through simple worship. Both believed that God still spoke through certain chosen individuals, inspired ones, tools of God, or werkzeuges (instruments). They felt the Lutheran Church had become too formalized and removed from the common people. They wrote about their beliefs and traveled through Germany and Switzerland, establishing congregations called Inspirationists.
It wasn’t long before these congregations fell afoul of the German Lutheran clergy and establishment, however. They refused to send their children to public schools and refused to join the military. By the 1840s, the combined effects of persecution, excessive rents and taxation, and crop failures due to drought led the Community of True Inspiration to seek a new home in America. In 1842, they purchased 5,000 acres of land near Buffalo, New York, on the Seneca Indian Reservation. Here they established a constitution initiating a communal system of ownership. The settlement of Ebenezer thrived, and soon grew so rapidly that they were running out of room. Nearby Buffalo was industrializing and some feared it would influence the community negatively. Besides, New York land was getting too expensive, so they decided to go west. A possible land purchase in Kansas fell through, but shortly thereafter, Amana was founded. By 1861, all seven Amana colonies had been built, and the Inspirationists farmed on the 26,000 surrounding acres.

Amana Communal Society: The seeds of communality already had sprouted back in the homeland of Germany, where wealthier Inspirationists helped support those less well-off. The institutionalization of the communal lifestyle in America stemmed more from practicality than political or ideological reasons. It also fit in with their religious beliefs to share what they had. In the Amana Colonies of the 1860s, though mothers with many young children or aged relatives to care for stayed home, women with children over the age of 2 were required to work outside of the home in the community. By that time, besides farming, there were two woolen mills, a calico cloth works, grist and flourmills, and lumber and brickyards. There were also communal gardens, orchards, and kitchens. In their heyday, there were more than 50 community kitchens in the seven villages, feeding more than 1,500 people three meals and two coffee/snack breaks a day. In Middle Amana is one of six Amana heritage sites, the only community kitchen still open, not for use as a kitchen but for its historical value. We glimpsed inside the kitchen and saw big pots and pans atop a large brick oven, suitable for feeding 30 to 40. In another corner stood a tall, old metal icebox. A large black wood-burning stove dominated the center of the room. Behind the set table hung cutting boards of various sizes, the largest one appearing to be 2 by 3 feet. I was interested to learn that most families didn’t eat in these kitchens, but sent members to pick up their allocated portions, which they’d eat in their own homes.
An early start: Children were required to begin school at age 3. They learned lessons by rote, respect for authority, and order. They were indoctrinated in Inspirationist religious beliefs and taught a vocation. Most finished their education by eighth grade, at age 14. Some who showed exceptional promise were sent on to high school and college. Mostly German was spoken in the Amanas, and the German traditions at Christmas and Easter and German nursery rhymes and games were handed down to the young ones. Church attendance was mandatory for everyone, with 11 services and prayer meetings weekly.
The Grand Council ruled the Amanas. These 13 male elders were appointed by the werkzeuges. This council had much power and influence in communal times. They made the rules and economic policies and also dealt with those who broke the rules. Every year the elders examined every Amanas member for "spiritual correctness" in a process called Unterredung (interview). Church seating was strictly regulated. The more spiritual you’d been determined to be, the closer you could sit to the front. Men and women were not allowed to sit together. Newlyweds and parents of new babies were automatically moved back a few rows to denote their assumed reduction in spirituality.
The Great Change: In 1932, after 89 years of communal living, internal and external factors combined to end the communal nature of the Amanas Colonies. The Depression had started in 1929, hurting the Amanas economy, which was not isolated from the rest of the nation’s. But unrest and dissatisfaction had been building prior to that, especially in younger members. Some elders were accused of favoritism. Old rules were challenged and church attendance fell. There had been no new werkzeuges identified since the last one, Barbara Heinemann, died in 1883. The automobile, electricity, the telephone, and movies were allowed in the Amanas, especially attracting younger members to the ways of the outside world. The vote to disband communalism was overwhelming. The decision was made to form a profit-sharing, joint-stock corporation, the Amana Society. It proved to be a good change for most, encouraging development of new businesses such as Amana Appliances, creating more opportunities for youngsters to attend high school and college and allowing the Amana Church to continue, remaining a vital part of community life. Though members now work for wages and own their homes, the Amana Society still farms the land and manages various successful businesses, such as the Amana Woolen Mill and Salesroom, Amana Furniture, Amana Meat Shop, and Amana General Store.