Rouen, My Favorite City in France

Andre Maurois described Rouen as "a combination of orderliness and fantasy . . ." From the Gros-Horloge or Great Clock (Renaissance, Sixteenth Century) over the carriage arch to the Twentieth-Century Church of St. Jean of Arc with its Sixteenth-Century windows and roof of leaping flame, his description rings true. It was this ordered fantasy in the design of the Cathedral that captivated Monet to paint it over and over. And let’s not forget the longing fantasy of Emma Bovary, whose author Flaubert was born here. As colorful in its own way as Paris' Montmartre, Rouen also has the Seine with quais and a left and right bank, and the river here is as orderly along its quais as it is idealized by the real ashes of Jeanne d’Arc.

We noticed the creative energy as we crossed a bridge and were compelled to stop to admire mythical statuary. A monument to the sea, the inscription refers to the ocean as "the father of adventure." This was a reminder that Rouen has had a thriving harbor since the Twelfth Century, an outlet for hundreds of years for the city’s faience earthenware, woolens, and other industries. Squares, bridges, and buildings are decorated with cherubs and nymphs, yet Rouen has made real history since the Third Century. It was made a Roman district, pillaged by Vikings, made famous by Saint Ouen and Saint Romain, home to the Dukes of Normandy, damaged by the Hundred Years’ War, occupied by English, and bombed by Allied Forces. In spite of all, the city has important monuments, a large medieval pedestrian area, an artistic and literary heritage, several museums, and colorful shops (outrageous antique shops).

A student population makes the town lively, but not as crowded as Paris. The city proper is 106,000, and the pace is relaxed with outdoor cafes, markets, squares, and quais. Part Renaissance, part medieval, a lovely backdrop invites outdoor activities. Rouen is known for its spires, an incredible number, and the city has been criticized for making those so high! It is also known for its crooked-timbered buildings, and these are "corbelled." (Each storey juts out over the one below it.) We shopped block after block of these, hundreds of them, many colorful, since the city stresses that bright colors decorated the timbers in medieval times.

Quick Tips:

One can tour the harbor. Ask at Visitor Info. on the square of the Cathedral, easy to find--walk toward the highest spire in town. The Visitors’ Center has a great book on Rouen that doesn’t cost a fortune (1,5 euro). It has 20 sites listed, plus map and walking directions.

One must see all Joan of Arc sites, even the modern church (Church of St. Joan of Arc), a curious edifice worthy of a few moments’ study. (Try to explain what the architect was expressing.) We bought some fruit in the open-air market next to the church, the same Old Marketplace where Joan was burned. Other sites associated with the Saint are the Cathedrale Notre Dame de Rouen, Eglise St. Maclou, Eglise St. Ouen, the Archbishop’s Residence, Musee Jeanne d’Arc, the keep (donjon or tour), and the spot on the Place du Vieux-Marche or Old Marketplace, where she was burned. Not a Joan fanatic, I enjoyed, nevertheless, the continuity of the centuries defined by these surroundings. These are sites particular to Rouen (dated in time to the English occupation), sites I couldn’t see anywhere else. But, Rouen has so much more!

Best Way To Get Around:

The subway is beautiful and modern, but we needed it only to navigate to our hotel from the train station Rive Droite. All attractions are located within walking distance of one another on the Right Bank. Our hotel was located on the Left Bank, but still not far from the old town center, and we certainly didn’t object to walking across the Seine. One could make a daily ritual of that, as do the denizens of Rouen. The city is also bicycle-friendly with beautiful quais along the Seine.

Comfort Rouen has many features that make it a desirable place to stay. The first of these is location. The hotel is situated at the beginning of a pedestrian zone where one can walk for several blocks and shop at boulangeries or bakeries and charcuteries or delicatessens and other shops. Next door to the hotel is a small modern indoor mall. We walked through the mall to get to the subway stop Saint Sever, located in the street in front of it. It was easy to get to the St. Sever stop via subway from the national rail station Gare Rive Droite and then simply walk through the mall to the pedestrian zone. Out the back door, and there was Comfort Rouen on the right and the pedestrian walkway to the old town center on the left.

The second feature is that the hotel is new--probably constructed at the same time as the mall next to it. Every surface is fresh without age. Our room had new windows with nice wood trim. Everything was immaculate, and the nice windows upgraded the room, which was much larger than some I’ve seen in Europe, but still not huge. From our bedroom window, we could see Eglise St. Sever, an attractive old church, just across the cobblestone, and a colorful carousel in the square in front of the church. Another window in our bath opened on hinges for fresh air, but the absence of curtains on it created a problem. We felt compelled to cover the window with a towel when we showered. We had simple furnishings: shelves beside the king bed, a desk and chair, and wood closet. This hotel is suitable for people who don't require luxury or furniture. We were able to keep our room neat, and we could function.

The accommodating staff create the third good attribute of this hotel. Most speak English. All will do whatever they can to make guests comfortable. They made us coffee by the pot, instead of by the cup, and they let us get hot water and ice when we wanted it in our own containers we could take to our room. Small decencies like this made us more comfortable here than in more exclusive hotels that have no ice, only minibars, and no coffee in the rooms.

The fourth feature is price. If you are a smarterliving.com member, you can book this hotel through their website and receive the "significant organizational savings" rate of 39 euros. That’s unbelievable for this very livable hotel! We think we’ve found the best deal in France!

We will stay at Comfort Rouen again. They have a restaurant open for breakfast and again for dinner until 10pm. There is no pool that I could find, but the pool table in the lobby might be appreciated by some. Front desk has walking maps of attractions.

Notre Dame de Rouen is massive and breathtakingly beautiful. No wonder Monet was fascinated by it! Compared to our "tour" of Notre Dame de Paris, seeing it was delightful. Rouen’s cathedral is filled with relics and art, and we had all the time we needed. What’s more, all the important relics are described in English with brass plaques along the walls.

The building was begun in 1145 with St. Romain’s Tower and was continued and altered until the early Sixteenth Century. Over this span of 400 years, the style changed so that lack of uniformity is obvious, but that is one of the main attractions of this cathedral. Roman, Norman, flamboyant Gothic, and Late Renaissance are combined into a pleasing symphony of styles, a UNESCO World Heritage treasure. It has been referred to as a "fairytale of stone," an "elegant lacework," and a masterpiece of French Gothic. The cathedral is so massive and so close to other buildings, we found it impossible to capture a long view, so like Monet, we photographed mostly the west facade one bit at a time. Details of stone craftsmanship are striking on the portals. Tympana depict the Passion and Resurrection of Christ and the execution of St. John the Baptist.

Inside, the size of the columns is also striking. I was amazed at the stone filigree of the library staircase and awed by the beauty of the Virgin’s Chapel. Stained-glass windows in the ambulatory include some magnificent originals (Thirteenth Century). The one of St. Julian the Hospitaler attracted Flaubert (whose father was the director of the hospital) and was the inspiration for the writer’s Three Tales. Books have been written about the comments and interactions of famous people who have had connections with Rouen’s cathedral, but famous tombs told us much of the story of Normandy.

We had just visited Chenonceau, so the tomb of Seneschal Louis de Breze meant something to us, as he was Diane de Poitiers’ husband. (She was also mistress of Henry II.) Rollon, first Duke of Normandy, is also here, as is Richard the Lionhearted of England--his heart. (Actually, the box the heart was in is in the cathedral’s treasury, but his tomb is by Rollon’s in the chancel.) We absorbed all the history we could and then marvelled again at the size and beauty of the church. A display concerning the windows helped us to read and admire them, and another numbered display recounts the statuary. Most famous are the incredibly beautiful statues of St. Apolline and St. Genevieve on the arch of the Booksellers’ Portal.

Notre Dame de Rouen is open from 8am 7 days, and admission is free.

As I mentioned before, Rouen is a vibrant city where people like to be outdoors, and the colorful squares and narrow streets beckon. A few hundred of the corbelled, timbered houses, some dating from medieval times, some more recent, provide an enchanting scene for shopping. Delightfully designed storefronts with overhanging second stories in bright colors house bakeries, delicatessens, butcher shops, fruit markets, and more. Each morning after coffee, our first thoughts were of boulangeries.

We didn’t have to venture out of the pedestrian zone to find dozens of bakeries. Their treats were not loaded with sugar like American donuts, so we sampled a few different ones each day. Little fruit and custard tarts with kiwi, strawberries, and more were delightful, but I longed for a new discovery, as I make these at home. My favorite whimsy turned out to be green on the outside and full of a delicious dry white filling. I had the lady pronounce the name of this bobble, but I can’t remember it. I do have its picture here, though, and many bakeries have them.

Shops with faience--the delightful, prim-looking earthenware Rouen has made for hundreds of years--are numerous. Their window displays are absolutely alluring, so I had to gaze at several. Even a souvenir tile was 30 euros, and most items were closer to 100 euros. A small candy dish for 60 was tempting, but I didn’t want to carry it in my luggage. What I will remember most about the shops in Rouen is how captivating faience can be in those window displays. There is something in that earthenware that appeals to a childish longing!

Antique shops amazed us with the quality of their furniture. Elaborate desks with intricate inlay in perfect condition looked almost like museum pieces. I didn’t pay any attention to prices in the antique shops because I wasn’t planning to ship home furniture, but I wished that such pieces were plentiful in this country.

Other shops offer leather, collectibles, and art. Galleries have prints of Monet’s many renditions of Rouen Cathedral, of course, as well as his and others’ paintings of the beaches at Deauville and Trouville. I was surprised to see stamp and coin shops in this medieval setting.

My one purchase, other than those I consumed with relish, was at a clothing store near the Great Clock. I can’t remember the name of the shop, but it had in the back of the store a large assortment of silk and linen fringed shawls and scarves for 30 and 40 euros. The prints were beautiful, but I bought a plain shawl I could wear pronto so that I could stay out later in this exciting city.

If you haven’t read Madame Bovary, then you may "miss" some of the interest in Musee Flaubert et d’Histoire de Medecine. I read the novel 20 years ago, but I’ll never forget the heroine who can not quite differentiate between dreams and reality. She’s a complicated, adulterous dreamer, Gustave Flaubert’s most sensational creation, and I imagine many followers tour this museum in search of her roots in the writers’ early years.

The museum is housed in part of the former public hospital, where the writer’s father was director and surgeon and where the family occupied the lovely eighteenth-century house, the wing where successive surgeons lived. The family’s apartment is separated from the ward by only a glass door--and this is where the author spent his childhood! Today, medical curiosities, anatomy texts, and a nineteenth-century copy of Rembrandt’s "Anatomy Lesson" are displayed, and we are reminded that the young Gustave grew up with an unusual dose of reality! But fantasy and superstition are also in evidence: a phrenology display with skull; a craniology study with the real skulls of famous criminals (including de Sade), proving that some folks are "born bad" (a nineteenth-century concept, now discredited); and the bucket of Franz Mesmer, who pretended to be able to heal with a "magnetic fluid" magically transferred from the bucket.

Cartoons and caricatures are displayed. One, published in 1869, is of Flaubert conducting an autopsy of his heroine Emma Bovary. A large series of these demonstrates what a great stir the novel caused. (Flaubert was imprisoned for something like "offending public decency.") These were both funny and enlightening, as they revealed the French finally making fun of themselves for their own prudery! There are also serious portraits and busts of family and friends and an ink drawing of the father of the modern short story, Guy de Maupassant, a friend of the writer.

There is much more, altogether eleven rooms, most of them medical in nature. One room is set up as an apothecary with old "remedies" displayed in Rouen faience, which is alluring, even in this setting. Other rooms deal with infant mortality, outdated birthing methods and midwives, and revolutions in medicine in the Nineteenth Century.

We exited to the garden and enjoyed the display of 100 medicinal plants, all labelled. We agreed that a guided tour with question-and-answer session would have been a better approach to education on this major literary figure. I have pieced together a perspective on the mind of Flaubert from my own observations in Musee Flaubert, but I would have liked a more intense presentation, more like the guided tour of Hemingway’s house in Key West.

We arrived at 1:15 and had to go find coffee for forty-five minutes, since the museum is closed from noon until 2:00 p.m. It is a little walk from the other sites in the center of the old town.

"The times, they are a changin’." Bob Dylan.
I said before that I am "no Joan fanatic," but 8 weeks after seeing her new church and monument, I am still compelled to study them and review her story for clues to the late twentieth-century shift in attitude toward her. The change must have emanated from Rouen in 1979, when the Church of St. Joan of Arc was consecrated. (Her canonization in 1920 did not produce much widespread enlightened interest in her.) The recent church is bold, inspired art that demands viewer participation and a new perspective.

To go where no architect has gone before!
I call it bold to fashion a church to remind us of a self-serving witch-hunt. No visitor can ever forget how the roof gently swoops down almost to the ground directly behind the spot on the marketplace where the 19-year-old girl was burned in 1431. Step back to the street and view the roof in proportion to the aluminum "stake" (cross), and you will see low, lateral flames moving horizontally at first to cover the tinder, Joan (the cross) still tall and athletic above it.

At this point, you will forget that she "heard voices," the most common excuse for discounting her. (After all, you will be seeing flames!) The artistic statement had to be bold to shock us from our twentieth century lethargy about young women, who are killed every day for no reason at all and then sometimes rationalized into oblivion!

"Leaping flames" above the marketplace.
Some yard sale and craft vendors had tables to the left of the cross beside the covered section of the market, and above their heads, the roof leaps up into a row of higher flames that could destroy the body.

In the indoor market, one can buy fresh fruit and food items the populace in Joan’s day might have bought here, but nobody can look up without being reminded of the young woman’s sacrifice. Looking to the center of the roof, one sees Joan’s medieval cap -- or is it a swirling, consuming fire?

Yes, the architect Arretche claims that he had "nothing particular in mind," but so did Hemingway when asked if Santiago (The Old Man and the Sea) carrying his mast up the hill resembled Christ with his cross. In both cases, the artists responded appropriately, for the final product of art is in the mind of the beholder. It is for us to communicate to the architect that his art has been successful.

"Voices," you say!
Films about Joan used to focus on the "voices" that told her to fight the English occupiers in Orleans. These experiments in staging fell short of expressionistic art and reeked of an uncomfortable spiritualism. I remember seeing them when I was a girl, unable to identify with a young woman who thought of nothing but fighting for her country’s reunification because of voices she heard. Now I hear voices, too, and I smirk at the mystification Hollywood attributed to the mundane metaphor.

The French National Heroine
In her day, the English occupied everything northwest of the Loire River, and everyone in the country seems to have been confused, worn down by many decades of fighting already in the bloody Hundred Years War. Nobody knew how to "take" this girl who heard voices. Even Charles, then Dauphin, when she went seeking him in Chinon, was hesitant to trust her to guard his passage to Reims so that he could be crowned Charles VII there (where all French kings were crowned). Adding to his, the rightful king's confusion, his mother proclaimed him illegitimate to weaken his claim to the throne. He had Joan questioned for about two weeks by theologians from the University of Paris, hiding in Poitiers since the siege of Paris and its occupation by the English. What a blundering, blubbering lot they must have been, those "intellectual" clergy who were still arguing about how many angels could fit on the head of a pin! (The nature of Metaphor eluded them.) They conferred with the Pope at Avignon about Joan, and they finally pronounced her "orthodox." (I guess this means they believed her voices were holy ones!)

No thanks from Charles!
So, she led the army that defeated the English for Charles at Orleans (suffered an arrow in her shoulder), drove them almost out of France, and escorted him safely to his coronation. He, a coward, owed his throne to her. His payment consisted of pronouncing her and her family "noble," but then he let her be sold to the English, knowing they would kill her. (Some accounts say he wasn't aware of the plan; others say he was.) He apparently didn’t want to have around this human reminder of what he couldn’t accomplish for himself.

The miracle of Hollywood.
What’s really miraculous is that the film industry has had so much trouble simply letting us empathize with Joan. The Church of St. Joan of Arc accomplishes more in an instant of viewing than the older films ever conveyed. They left us "troubled" about those voices, but the scene at the church reminds us of what is important to remember: a young girl was burned here! It isn’t about holy voices anymore; it isn’t even about Joan. It’s about us. How we perceive her is an indication of how western culture is maturing, and how we protect and preserve our young is the greatest measuring stick of any culture. Hollywood couldn’t quite put it in order, but Rouen has – "in one fell swoop," so to speak, one swoop of that roof. Again, Andre Maurois’ "combination of orderliness and fantasy" rings true for Rouen.

If the voice is Dustin Hoffman, it must be real!
The most recent film about Joan that I am aware of is the 1999 BBC production The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc that characterizes the voice as "Conscience," the character played by Dustin Hoffman. We were lucky that it was broadcast two nights before we flew to France, and I’d advise renting it before any trip to Rouen. This casting proves that the film industry’s former effect was to make us discount the French National Heroine because of their overwhelming "spiritual" voices. Dustin we believe! This is different. And who could we believe more evil and self-serving than John Malkovich as Charles VII? It may not be great art, but the film follows suite with the new perspective on Joan that Rouen initiated.

Renovated Market Square.
Other aspects of the church and the Market Square, where it is located, support the same theme of new perspective, the working of art and artisanry on ancient and even modern history. The stained-glass windows in the church are from sixteenth-century St. Vincent’s church, bombed during WWII. The lawn is strewn with stones, used by visitors as handy benches, and these are the foundations of the Church of the Holy Savior, where Pierre Corneille worshipped.

Corneille was the author of El Sid, and his birth house is marked above the doorway one-half block down Rue de la Pie. Opposite the church conglomeration on the other side of the square, medieval crooked-timber buildings have been placed, moved here from other neighborhoods, and they in turn renovated. Among them is the oldest inn (auberge) in France, La Couronne, 1345.

Rouen is adept at re-ordering our memories.
While some purists may not appreciate the rearranging of the physical world in order to create an artistic affect or a memory, it goes on all the time. We must appreciate that Rouen is competent at this staging, and we must pay attention to it if we want to know Rouen. At least in all the moving, they haven’t totally forgotten where they put Joan’s ashes -- the sign on the bridge to St. Sever says "pres de ici" ("near to here"). There, you see? Everything is filed and labeled!

First Duke of Normandy
There he was in his tomb, and I hadn’t the faintest idea who he was, except that he must have been an ancestor of William the Conqueror, first Norman king of England. Rollo (spelled Rollon by the French) was first Duke of Normandy (855-931), and this was all the brass plaque beside him in Rouen Cathedral communicated.

I immediately knew I’d consult my old history text (an English history) as soon as I got home, and I expected that in the story of Rollo, I would discover much about the beginning of the ancient province of Normandy, so important in the forming of both England and France. I found even more.

"Go forth and Multiply!"
Rollo was a Norwegian Viking. Histories of these people surmise that a reason for their raids over Europe from Russia to Italy may have been overpopulation of the narrow fjiords, for they were polygamous pagans who multiplied like rabbits. Anyone who has ever wondered why so many European royalty are related might be satisfied with the answer that the Vikings--swarthy, ruthless, conquering--set out to rule the globe. A partial family tree reveals only some of their influence on the English royal bloodline beginning with the Norman kings and continuing through the Plantagenet dynasty via Matilda’s child.

Mother of the Henrys.
Matilda, known as "Mother of the Henrys," was descended from Rollo. She was daughter of Henry I, King of England and Duke of Normandy, wife of Emperor Henry V of Germany, and mother of Henry II, first Plantagenet King of England, Duke of Normandy, and father of Richard, the Lionhearted. Her bones have been gathered from Le Bec-Hellouin and are also reposited in Rouen Cathedral. Note that she was wife of the German Emperor Henry V, so a German line, too, would have been connected to Rollo had not Henry V been the last of the German Salian Dynasty. Through her son, Henry II, by her second marriage, she passed on a few of Rollo’s genes to the Plantagenet Dynasty.

Tudors and Stuarts.
Next up on the English throne were the Tudors, and the first of them, Henry VII, married Elizabeth of York, a Plantagenet, in 1486. In his attempt to strengthen the Tudor claim to the throne by linking it to the previous kingship line, he passed a drop of Rollo’s blood (via Matilda’s descendants) on down to Elizabeth I, who takes us to 1603. Then through Mary, Queen of Scots, great-granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York (the Plantagenet in the Tudor line) and her child, James I, the Stuart dynasty still has a speck of Norman/Viking blood pulsing in royal veins until 1714. That’s enough geneology for me, so I won’t try to link the House of Hanover to Rollo, but I’ll bet a molecule of Norwegian Viking is in Elizabeth II. The real mystery to me is no longer the origin of English kings, but why on earth I want this brutal, uncivilized, overgrown, red-haired pillager of beautiful Normandy to have sired all the kings of England! I also wonder why the sculptor rendered him in such sweet, delicate white likeness, far different from what skimpy reports tell us of his appearance.

"Pay me and I’ll leave you alone."
Vikings conquered with terror. When they killed a man, they burned his living wife on top of his body. They could sack a city at night and get away in their state-of-the-art ships before anyone could be organized to go after them. After doing this repeatedly, they asked their victims to pay them to go away, and all the victims had left was their land. This is how the Danes got the huge stretch of land called the Danelaw (northeast of a line from London to Chester) from King Alfred in England, and it’s how Rollo got Normandy from King Charles the Simple in France. Rollo’s ancestors had sacked Rouen in 841 and Paris in 845. Forty-some years later, they threatened Paris with 700 ships and a force of 40,000 warriors. At this point, Charles the Fat gave them silver, bribing them to go away, and he also gave them permission to pillage further up the Seine--Normandy! In 911, Rollo forced the Treaty with Charles the Simple that handed over Normandy to him. One tale has it that when asked to kiss Charles’ feet in return, he sent one of his warriors to do it, and the warrior made such a violent mockery of it that he knocked the King out of his chair so that all had a good laugh at the giver of gifts.

Viking independence.
Even today, I believe we can see in Rouen remnants of the northern conquerors: the harbor that is still fondly regarded, the monuments to the sea, the fine woolen industry, corbelled timber homes, and a disregard for what is Parisian. Alfred the Great of England and his progeny were able to reconquer the Danelaw there only by long planning and ingenuity, but France had no monarch so strong, wise, and revered. The church had more success with subduing the Vikings in Normandy than did any central government, and so Rollo was baptised in Rouen, but still prayed to pagan gods and offered them human sacrifices. Fighting feudal lords were far enough from any central government that many "situations" degenerated into total anarchy, such as questions of whether underling knights should be able to build those early Norman castles we love to visit. Lords sometimes let knights build castles to bribe them into military service. In this way, the lords paid homage to their Dukes (Rollo and his heirs) when called upon for service, and many a castle privilege had to be given away to bribe knights into fighting with William the Conqueror when he invaded England in 1066. (Pre-feudal "loyalty" of a subject to his king had evaded the Viking Normans!)

Fate dressed in Norse clothing.
England had thought they had driven out some and subdued the remainder of the northern folk, and they had stopped the invasions for 80 years! But the Anglo-Saxons were so apprised of William’s fierceness, they didn’t put up much of a fight at the battle of Hastings in 1066. Besides, 25% of them were Dane by now! (They must have regarded their invaders as Fate, a force that couldn’t be stopped and "still crazy after all these years.") Even by this time, one and a half centuries after Rollo took over Normandy, the Normans still had no laws when they invaded England. All they had was ruthless fierceness and great ambition. In England, they didn’t luxuriate in the isolation that had sustained them on the Norman coast, for the English embrace their conquerors! Land exchanged hands, and immediately Anglo-Norman feudalism began as an absolute necessity to restructure the monarchy that had been deposed. The Anglo-Saxon kings had been the best England would ever see. (Alfred was the only one ever to be called "the Great"!) Now the institution of kingship was forever damaged, no longer resting on the ability of the king to win over his subjects with his wisdom, ingenuity and concern for his people. Now a land-based contract could be broken by either party, but most likely by the king, with fiefdoms used for bribery and intimidation. The decline of the English monarchy was underway.

Normandy always means so much!
Not quite this much ran through my head as I was regarding the tomb of Rollo or Rollon--but close! Both in Normandy and in the Loire Valley, we can’t escape the inroads of English history into French and vice versa. (No wonder there is so much to "put in order" in Rouen!) Walking the streets there, one senses all this historical significance and cross-referencing. I’m not sure how the arrangement of scenes accomplishes it, but the historical narrative plays on the visual imagery and that on the memory. Street scenes and sites of Rouen encapsulate multiple time periods and various peoples, and though others may do the same, Rouen is different.

This is Normandy.
This province thrills history buffs with rich implication, all so familiar, all a part of patterns we’ve learned. From shop windows to beach scenes, cathedrals, and harbors, we somehow already know Normandy in multiple dimensions, only manageable when we contemplate them one at a time. Here, that’s difficult, because everything has so much significance--from medieval to twentieth-century, artistic, political, historic! Not just once, but every time Normandy has figured in history, it has been the key to unlocking a huge event that determines the future of several nations. Normandy is never just a place. All over this province, from D-day beaches to the tomb of Rollo, the visitor is intensely engaged with significance and meaning. (Rest assured that planners have an even greater job of sorting and categorizing all that is Norman.) It’s so important, yet Rollo wouldn’t kiss a king? No, he had in mind to reproduce a few!